First for any organism you need to know how to grow the organism in a laboratory setting (which is created more difficult with viruses, if you don’t know what sort of host to replicate them in the laboratory). You need to know what makes that organism virulent, or able to cause disease. You know to know what parts of that organism are immunoreactive- then you can target a vaccine design strategy more effectively. There are a LOT of components and experiments that go into investigating viruses for vaccinology. Great question!
Cheers,
Carmen
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